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G8MNY  > TECH     10.02.08 14:01l 137 Lines 6569 Bytes #999 (0) @ WW
BID : 46274_GB7CIP
Read: GUEST
Subj: Lafayete 57 Range Multimeter
Path: IZ3LSV<IW2OHX<IQ0LT<ON0BEL<GB7CIP
Sent: 080210/0032Z @:GB7CIP.#32.GBR.EU #:46274 [Caterham] $:46274_GB7CIP
From: G8MNY@GB7CIP.#32.GBR.EU
To  : TECH@WW


By G8MNY                                  (New Dec 07)
(8 Bit ASCII Graphics use code page 437 or 850)
          Model 99-5076

旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�
납~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~납 DC Volts  0.25 2.5 10 50 250 1000  @ 25k/V
납                               납           0.125 1.25 5 25 125 500  @ 50k/V
납旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴엿�
납납~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~납납 DC Amps   50uA 5mA 50mA 500mA 10A  @Normal
납납                           납납           25uA 2,5mA 25mA 240mA 5A @2x
냔뎨 .                         냔뎨
잎납  '.                       납잎 AC Volts  3  10  50  250  1000     @ 2.5k/V
悶납    '.       .             납悶           1.5 5  25  125  500      @ 5k/V
납납      '.   :'\':           납납
냔뎨        '. '�.�'           냔뎨           10x dB scales & DC isolated AC.
납냅컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸납�
잎냐컴컴컴컴�         旼컴컴컴컴냅� Ohms 첛SD 13  65  650  6k5  65k
  �  o-  +o �   (|)   � o    o  �
  �         �         �         �   Accurancy DC 2%, AC 3%
  � [� ]rev �_________�  �[ �]  �
  읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�

MULTI METER PRINCIPLES

DC VOLTS                         1000  100   10   1 Volts
To get a meter of just one         �10M컫�1M컫100k쩡컴11k1컴컴>+
sensitivity to do many             o    o    o    o
ranges voltage multiplier             /�\
resistors are used. Here              +�
the voltage drop across              /~~~\
the meter is ignored, but           쿘eter�
it will affect the lowest        90uA\___/
1V scale.                              읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�>-
Series resistors are used
to protect the switch more            Sensitivity is 11k1/V
from high voltages.

DC CURRENT                                100uA 1mA 10mA 100mA
For current ranges shunts             +旼컴컴컴쩡컴컴컴컴컴컴�>+
are put across the meter.            /~~~\    \�/
Here the meter resistance           쿘eter� o    o    o    o
is 100� so it has 10mV drop     100uA\___/       �    �    �
@ 100uA. The 1mA shunt here      10mV  �        11�  1�   0.1�
is corrected for the 100�              읕컴컴컴컴좔컴컨컴컴좔�>-
meter load.

AC VOLTS
For AC a rectifier diode is
used, & normally this alters          1000  100   10 Volts
the sensitivity so a different          �4M5쩡450k쩡컴�45k컴컴>~
voltage multiplier arm is used.         o    o    o
In this circuit only half the                  /�\
current goes through the meter        +旼컴�<쳐캑
& the 1.1 AC sine wave form          /~~~\  D1 _�_D2
factor means that 2.2x meter        쿘eter�    /_\
current must flow. Only a       100uA\___/      �100uA
100mV is lost in the germanium         읕컴컴컴컨컴컴컴컴컴컴�>~
diode D1, so a low voltage
range can the this into account
on the scape. D2 can be any type         Sensitivity is 4k5/V.
& protects the low voltage D1.

OHMS
Here a voltage source is put
in series with the meter & a
known resistance that set the
half scale resistance & includes                      (actually -ve!)
the meter load resistance.             旼횮al Zero R컴쩡컴컴컴>+
The higher the battery                +�             \�/
voltage the higher resistance        /~~~\      o   o  o   o
that can be measured, but           쿘eter�  �10�100�1k�10k�
becomes a danger for            100uA\___/   �
sensitive electronics.                 �     �     �+
The Cal zero R sets the meter          읕컴컴좔컴콕쳐컴컴컴컴�>-
sensitive to give full scale                       �  (actually +ve!)
ZERO reading on shorting the
probes depending the battery state.

Note that the battery internal resistance is added to the unknown resistance,
& this affects the low range scale calibration! Also the probe polarity is
revesed to indicated & is different than digital meters!

MULTIMETER CIRCUIT
旼===========================================================================
�                              I
넬========================= =============== ================  ===========   =�
\/                                     읕20k컴80k커     �     �              �
/\                                       /�\      �     �     쿎om  + 10A O/P�
�)컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커                    �       �     �     �  o  o  o  o  �
�    ____  旼�       � 旼컴컫컴컴컴컴컴컴�)컴컴컴컨컴쩡�)컴컴�)컴�  퀅1�  �  �
�   /15uA\ � ICal    � �   13             �   Low    � 13k  旼)컴)컴졍�)컴�  �
� 渼 Meter척 쳐컴컴컴)�)커  �            46k �4k7쨈<척  �   � �  �     �     �
� � \____/ �12.5k    � � �  �             �  oNor�  3k3 �   � �  �0.025�     �
� �        � �       o o �  �             넬>    �   �  �   � �        �     �
� 쳐캑>쳐컴� 픬Nor �> X <�  �             납 o�  �  5kHi�   � �        �     �
� 쳐�<쳐컴캑   <컴캑 o o    �             납 �4k7졍>쳅컴�   � �      0.475   �
� 쳐훆Cal컴� �oVA/2쿝ev Nor �             납  Low           � �        �     �
� 읕컴컴컴컴컨�6k25�       �)컴컴컴컴컴컴�))컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 읕컴컴컴�)�    �
�                          납             납                � 旼컴컴컴켸�    �
읕�56k25�197k5�1M�5M�18M75엿�47�650�6k54왯눴�1M87헜5헜1�17k5� �4.53�45.3�24k9�
  o     o     o  o  o     o쿽  o   o    o쿽쿽    o  o  o   o� o    o    o    o
                           �   I         � �                �
  =========================�=============� �================쳐================
                               I                            �
                            ===============�____넵넵________�
                                               +넹넹
0.25   2.5   10 50 250   1k R/5 R 10 100 1k 1k  250 50 10  3 500  50    5  50u
\________DC_VOLTS_________/ \_____OHMS____/ \___AC_VOLTS___/  \____DC_mA____/
                                               & dB Scales

The configuration switching between modes & all the ranges is all done on just
1 large rotary switch with 3 bridging contacts (I) 5 wipers of 2 circuits.

Only 4 probe sockets are used 2 extra for the high current (10A) & the DC
isolated AC measurement.

Extra switches provide a meter reverse feature & a double sensitivity that
doubles the meter ranges. (has no meaning on ohms).

The meter movement is a extremely sensitive @ 15uA for FSD, but not very
accurate, so it is calibrated with ICal & VCal presets at manufacture.

The AC ranges are calibrated with select on test resistors 2x "4k7 Low" & the
"5k Hi" that accurately allow for the diode forward resistance loss & leakage.

Most of the resistors are special values made for the meter, & of course they
are very accurate & stable 0.5% types.


Why don't U send an interesting bul?

73 De John, G8MNY @ GB7CIP


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