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EI2GYB > ASTRO 19.12.22 13:00l 53 Lines 5933 Bytes #999 (0) @ WW
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Subj: Holmdel Horn - Which Heard Evidence of the Big Bang - Is at
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Sent: 221219/1142Z 8100@EI2GYB.DGL.IRL.EURO BPQ6.0.23
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Holmdel Horn - Which Heard Evidence of the Big Bang - Is at Risk
Redevelopment plans could threaten the Holmdel Horn, the instrument that detected the "hiss" of background radiation from the Big Bang.
The Holmdel Horn, the microwave antenna that Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson used to detect the cosmic microwave background radiation that provided irrefutable evidence of the Big Bang, is under threat. The antenna was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989, and the American Physical Society lists it as a "historic physics site." But new plans to build up the area could see the horn lost.
Arthur B. Crawford designed the Horn to support Project Echo, a NASA communications program. Echo satellites were inflated mylar spheres 100 feet (30 meters) across that orbited between 600 and 800 miles (1,000 and 1,300 km) above Earth. NASA made these simple passive microwave reflectors for intercontinental telephone, radio, and television transmission. Actively transmitting satellites rapidly made the Echo system obsolete, and the last Echo deorbited in 1968.
The Holmdel antenna itself is 50 feet long, with an opening 20 feet wide. The reflecting surface is parabolic, with incoming radiation coming to a focus at the small end of the horn, which houses a cryogenic receiver. The mount tracks in altitude and azimuth.
During their work with the antenna in the 1950s and 1960s, Penzias and Wilson encountered a persistent hissing noise. Modeling it as thermal emission, they initially estimated a blackbody temperature to be 4.2 kelvin. After meticulously checking the antenna and receiver, and even scrubbing the interior free of pigeon droppings, the noise persisted. They had no idea where it came from until MIT physicist Bernard F. Burke put Penzias and Wilson in touch with Princeton physicist Robert Dicke.
Dicke's group had been working out whether evidence could be found to support the idea that the universe that began in a tiny, dense, hot state, and has been expanding ever since. In fact, they were about to build their own antenna. When the Princeton and Holmdel groups met, they realized that each had solved the other's problems.
A pair of short papers appeared in Astrophysical Journal Letters in July 1965 announcing the findings, first Dicke's theoretical treatment (with coauthors James Peebles, Peter Roll, and David Wilkinson) and then Penzias and Wilson's observational findings, each paper acknowledging the other. The competing steady state theory, advanced by Hoyle, Gold, and Bondi in 1948, had no satisfactory explanation for the radiation, and faded into irrelevance.
The antenna is located in Holmdel, New Jersey, just 27 miles as the crow flies from Times Square in Manhattan. The 43-acre site includes a 50,000 square-foot research building, now shuttered, at the base of Crawford Hill, which is the highest point in Monmouth County. At the top of the hill, the Horn is set in a field among a few other derelict structures built for communications research. The views across to Holmdel High School and out to Raritan Bay and Manhattan are dramatic.
The horn itself is intact, if a little weather worn. The property was originally owned by Bell Labs, the research arm of the Bell system until an anti-trust finding broke it up in 1983. Among its many inventions, Bell Labs created the transistor, CCDs, the solar cell, the UNIX operating system, and the C++ programming language. Nine Nobel prizes were awarded for Bell Labs inventions. In 2016, Nokia acquired what remained of Bell Labs after many transformations. The small building on the Crawford Hill site was shuttered, and the road to the top of the hill, where the antenna is located, was fenced off. It is now off-limits to visitors. In 2021, the site was sold to a developer, who is apparently interested in building high-end residences. Holmdel is one of New Jersey's most affluent communities.
At a meeting on November 22nd, the Holmdel Township Committee passed a resolution asking the town's Planning Board to determine if the Crawford Hill Horn Antenna site should be designated "an area in need of redevelopment." If the town permits development of the site, most likely to build high-end residences, the Horn could be removed or even destroyed. The fact that it is a National Historic Landmark does not protect it. The horn is on private property and receives no Federal funds for its upkeep.
Three local organizations - Citizens for Informed Land Use, Friends of Holmdel Open Space, and Preserve Holmdel - have organized a petition and advocacy campaign that asks the town of Holmdel to not permit development but instead to create a park on Crawford Hill and preserve the Horn.
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