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ZL1ABS > LINUX 28.07.08 01:14l 390 Lines 8144 Bytes #999 (0) @ WW
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Subj: One page Linux Manual
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From: ZL1ABS@ZL1AB.#06.NZL.OC
To : LINUX@WW
THE ONE PAGE LINUX MANUAL
A summary of useful Linux commands
Version 3.0 May 1999 squadron@powerup.com.au
Starting & Stopping
shutdown -h now Shutdown the system now and do not
reboot
halt Stop all processes -same as above
shutdown -r 5 Shutdown the system in 5 minutes and
reboot
shutdown -r now Shutdown the system now and reboot
reboot Stop all processes and then reboot -same
as above
startx Start the X system
Accessing & mounting file systems
mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom
/mnt/cdrom
mount -t msdos /dev/hdd
/mnt/ddrive
mount -t vfat /dev/hda1
/mnt/cdrive
umount /mnt/cdrom
Mount the device cdrom
and call it cdrom under the
/mnt directory
Mount hard disk “dö as a
msdos file system and call
it ddrive under the /mnt
directory
Mount hard disk “aö as a
VFAT file system and call it
cdrive under the /mnt
directory
Unmount the cdrom
rm name Remove a file or directory called
name
rm -rf name Kill off an entire directory and all it’s
includes files and subdirectories
cp filename
/home/dirname
Copy the file called filename to the
/home/dirname directory
mv filename Move the file called filename to the
/home/dirname /home/dirname directory
cat filetoview Display the file called filetoview
man -k keyword Display man pages containing
keyword
more filetoview Display the file called filetoview one
page at a time, proceed to next page
using the spacebar
head filetoview Display the first 10 lines of the file
called filetoview
head -20 filetoview Display the first 20 lines of the file
called filetoview
tail filetoview Display the last 10 lines of the file
called filetoview
tail -20 filetoview Display the last 20 lines of the file
called filetoview
Installing software for Linux
Finding files and text within files
find / -name fname
Starting with the root directory, look
for the file called fname
find / -name ö*fname*
ö
Starting with the root directory, look
for the file containing the string fname
locate missingfilename
Find a file called missingfilename
using the locate command -this
assumes you have already used the
command updatedb (see next)
updatedb
Create or update the database of files
on all file systems attached to the linux
root directory
which missingfilename
Show the subdirectory containing the
executable file called missingfilename
grep textstringtofind
Starting with the directory called dir ,
/dir
look for and list all files containing
textstringtofind
The X Window System
xvidtune Run the X graphics tuning utility
XF86Setup Run the X configuration menu with
automatic probing of graphics cards
Xconfigurator Run another X configuration menu with
automatic probing of graphics cards
xf86config Run a text based X configuration menu
Moving, copying, deleting & viewing files
ls -
l
List files in current directory using
long format
ls -
F
List files in current directory and
indicate the file type
ls -laC
List all files in current directory in
long format and display in columns
rpm -ihv name.rpm
rpm -Uhv name.rpm
rpm -e package
rpm -l package
rpm -ql package
rpm -i --force package
tar -zxvf archive.tar.gz or
tar -zxvf archive.tgz
./configure
Install the rpm package called name
Upgrade the rpm package called
name
Delete the rpm package called
package
List the files in the package called
package
List the files and state the installed
version of the package called
package
Reinstall the rpm package called
name having deleted parts of it (not
deleting using rpm -e)
Decompress the files contained in
the zipped and tarred archive called
archive
Execute the script preparing the
installed files for compiling
User Administration
adduser accountname
passwd accountname
su
exit
Create a new user call accountname
Give accountname a new password
Log in as superuser from current login
Stop being superuser and revert to
normal user
Little known tips and tricks
ifconfig List ip addresses for all devices on
the machine
apropos subject List manual pages for subject
usermount Executes graphical application for
mounting and unmounting file
systems
/sbin/e2fsck hda5
Execute the filesystem check utility
on partition hda5
fdformat /dev/fd0H1440
Format the floppy disk in device fd0
tar -cMf /dev/fd0
Backup the contents of the current
directory and subdirectories to
multiple floppy disks
tail -f /var/log/messages
Display the last 10 lines of the system
log.
cat /var/log/dmesg
Display the file containing the boot
time messages -useful for locating
problems. Alternatively, use the
dmesg command.
*
wildcard -represents everything. eg.
cp from/* to will copy all files in the
from directory to the to directory
?
Single character wildcard. eg.
cp config.? /configs will copy all files
beginning with the name config. in
the current directory to the directory
named configs.
[xyz]
Choice of character wildcards. eg.
ls [xyz]* will list all files in the current
directory starting with the letter x, y,
or z.
linux single
At the lilo prompt, start in single user
mode. This is useful if you have
forgotten your password. Boot in
single user mode, then run the
passwd command.
ps
List current processes
kill 123
Kill a specific process eg. kill 123
Configuration files and what they do
/etc/profile
System wide environment variables for
all users.
/etc/fstab
List of devices and their associated mount
points. Edit this file to add cdroms, DOS
partitions and floppy drives at startup.
/etc/motd
Message of the day broadcast to all users
at login.
etc/rc.d/rc.local
Bash script that is executed at the end of
login process. Similar to autoexec.bat in
DOS.
/etc/HOSTNAME
Conatins full hostname including domain.
/etc/cron.
*
There are 4 directories that automatically
execute all scripts within the directory at
intervals of hour, day, week or month.
/etc/hosts
A list of all know host names and IP
addresses on the machine.
/etc/httpd/conf
Paramters for the Apache web server
/etc/inittab
Specifies the run level that the machine
should boot into.
/etc/resolv.conf
Defines IP addresses of DNS servers.
/etc/smb.conf
Config file for the SAMBA server. Allows
file and print sharing with Microsoft
clients.
~/.Xdefaults
Define configuration for some X-
applications. ~ refers to user’s home
directory.
/etc/X11/XF86Confi Config file for X-Windows.
g
~/.xinitrc
Defines the windows manager loaded by
X. ~ refers to user’s home directory.
File permissions
If the command ls -l is given, a long list of file names is
displayed. The first column in this list details the permissions
applying to the file. If a permission is missing for a owner,
group of other, it is represented by -eg. drwxr-x—x
Read =
4
File permissions are altered by giving the
Write =
2
chmod command and the appropriate
octal code for each user type. eg
Execute = 1
chmod 7 6 4 filename will make the file
called filename R+W+X for the owner,
R+W for the group and R for others.
chmod 7 5
5
Full permission for the owner, read and
execute access for the group and others.
chmod +x filename
Make the file called filename executable
to all users.
X Shortcuts -(mainly for Redhat)
Control|Alt + or -Increase or decrease the screen
resolution. eg. from 640x480 to
800x600
Alt | escape Display list of active windows
Shift|Control F8 Resize the selected window
Right click on desktop Display menu
background
Shift|Control Altr Refresh the screen
Shift|Control Altx Start an xterm session
Printing
/etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd start Start the print daemon
/etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd stop Stop the print daemon
/etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd Display status of the print daemon
status
lpq Display jobs in print queue
lprm Remove jobs from queue
lpr Print a file
lpc Printer control tool
man subject | lpr Print the manual page called subject
as plain text
man -t subject | lpr
Print the manual page called subject
as Postscript output
printtool
Start X printer setup interface
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