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Subj: ARES E-Letter September 8 2010
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The ARES E-Letter September 8, 2010
Editor: Rick Palm, K1CE
The View from Flagler County
----------------------------
Hurricane Earl: On Monday morning, August 30, I listened to the opening of
the Hurricane Watch Net on 14.325 MHz, with Dan Weisenburger, KW4T,
performing superbly as net control station, in response to the storm's brush
with the Virgin Islands. The National Hurricane Center station WX4NHC was
activated and monitored the net. Long time friend and Virgin Islands Section
Manager John Ellis, NP2B, on the north side of St. Croix, reported a
barometric pressure of 29.66 mb, and maximum sustained winds of 33 mph. His
Internet connection, cell phone service, and commercial power were out. At
mid-week, Ellis reported that they were fortunate: no major damage. The
island community was turning its attention to new cells starting their march
across the Atlantic off the coast of Africa.
As I write this on Friday morning, September 3, Hurricane Earl is off the
coast of Cape Hatteras, and I'm listening for reports on the HWN. I also
listened to the EchoLink "WX-Talk" Conference Room, an efficient operation,
to say the least. The crew at WX4NHC also monitors CWOP, APRS and MADIS
automated weather stations in the affected areas, as well as the EchoLink
service. Surface reports using WX4NHC's Online Hurricane Report form are
also monitored.
The VoIP Hurricane Net was also supporting WX4NHC with surface reports.
Stations can connect to the net via the EchoLink conference node 7203.
More from ARRL HQ on Hurricane Earl here.
Report: Massachusetts ARES Prepares as a Now-Weakened Hurricane Earl
Approaches
_____
I also checked into the Florida Hurricane Net on the D-STAR platform Monday
night at 2100 local time, which had a robust turnout of check-ins from
across the southeastern portion of the country in the spirit of mutual
support. The digital voice quality is superb! The net is run with a high
degree of professionalism.
The purpose of the net is to provide training to ARES members in the three
Florida ARRL Sections and hurricane emergency communications in Florida for
served agencies. Any Amateur Radio emcomm operator or organization is
welcome on the net, however. In addition to hurricanes, the net will be
activated by any major emergency to support our served agencies and the
Florida State Emergency Operations Center.
Note the check-in protocol: The net takes check-ins using the "Quick Key
Format." The operator transmits his/her call sign by keying the radio or
Dongle for one second only when the frequency is clear. Net Control will
then acknowledge all check-ins seen. Quick and efficient!
______
And finally, no news to anybody is that this month marks the fifth
anniversary of the catastrophe of Hurricane Katrina. For a look back at the
Amateur Radio response as it was unfolding then, see the special edition of
this newsletter released this month five years ago here.
_____
In This Issue:
The View from Flagler County
Learning through Practicing: GAREC-2010 Convenes Next Month
Pakistani Amateurs Team Up to Provide Communications, Relief Support for
Flood Victims
Nomination Being Sought for the 2010 George Hart Distinguished Service Award
ARES 75th Anniversary Updates
Illinois Nuclear Power Plant Exercise: Lessons Learned
Letters
2010 ARRL Simulated Emergency Test Guidelines and Links to Reporting Forms
EmComm East, September 18: Plan to Attend Now!
Communications Academy Lite - Seattle, Washington, October 2: Focus on New
Hams
K1CE For a Final
_____
Learning through Practicing: GAREC-2010 Convenes Next Month
-----------------------------------------------------------
"Learning through practicing" is the theme of GAREC-2010, to be held October
11 and 12, 2010, in Curacao. GAREC is the global Amateur Radio emergency
communications conference, a popular annual confab that is supported by the
ARRL and IARU through all three ITU Regions.
This year's conference is an opportunity for emergency communicators to
discuss recent events, cooperation with professional partners and technical
solutions to problems. An actual emcomm exercise will also be conducted
during the conference to explore how information sharing across borders can
be improved.
The opening ceremony will feature a representative of the Curacao
government; patron Dr. Hamadoun Tour‚, HB9EHT, Secretary-General of the ITU;
Hans Blondeel Timmerman, PB2T, President of IARU Region 1; and a
representative of the GAREC Organizing Committee. Activity reports will be
heard from Region 1 representative Greg Mossop, G0DUB; Region 2
representative Michael Corey, W5MPC; and Jay Oka, JA1TRC, of Region 3.
Jean-Robert Gaillard, HH2JR, will present "Earthquakes and Amateur Radio:
Haiti." The conferees will also hear from Professor Arnaldo Coro Antich,
CO2KK, veteran Region 2 emcomm expert. A program on "ITU - IARU Cooperation"
will be presented by Dr. Cosmas Zavazava, (ITU-D), chaired by GAREC-2010
coordinator Dr. Seppo Sisättö, OH1VR. A tabletop exercise will be conducted
by Mossop.
A panel discussion on "Forwarding Received Emcomm Messages" will be
conducted by Dr. Zavazava, Corey, and Joop Verdoes, PA1JOV, chaired by
Timmerman. Technical solutions for emcomm problems will be presented in the
form of examples from multiple organizations, by Dr. Sisatto.
A program "How to Organize an EmComm Exercise" will include examples from
Finland, Netherlands, and South Africa, chaired by W5MPC. And finally, "The
Future Role of the Amateur Radio Service in EmComms" will be an open
discussion for all conference participants.
Click here for complete conference information.
Coincidentally, Curacao will be celebrating its independence on October 10.
An ICOM IC-7600 will be operated at the conference site.
The GAREC mission: To get Amateur Radio operators to be better prepared for
emergency communications and create practices for national and international
levels. GAREC is a forum for exchanging information and experiences among
all Amateur Radio operators and groups that are interested in emergency
communications. Its Vision: To have regular world wide cooperation and
understanding between governmental authorities and the Amateur Radio Service
and community. -- Dr. Seppo Sisättö, OH1VR, Chairman of the Organizing
Committee, GAREC-2010
Pakistani Amateurs Team Up to Provide Communications, Relief Support for Flood
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Victims
-------
According to the Pakistan Amateur Radio Society (PARS) -- that country's
IARU Member-Society -- radio amateurs in Pakistan have teamed up with the
Islamabad Jeep Club and Pakistan Academy of Family Physicians to provide
relief activities in those areas of Pakistan devastated by floods. The
groups will supply food, tents and medical support to the northern flood
affected areas of Nowshera, Charsadda and central Sargodha districts. "The
cellular services are down and so is the landline," the PARS Web site
reports. "Last week, the joint team carried out a survey in the north and
the center of the country, and to its dismay, the situation isn't promising.
Restoration of cellular services and landlines could take months." On August
21, hams reached the town of Dharkhanawala, looking to set up
communications, but had to turn back because the equipment had not arrived;
however, teams were able to distribute food in Dharkhanawala and Chauki
Darab. Read more here. - ARRL Letter
Nomination Being Sought for the 2010 George Hart Distinguished Service Award
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
At its July 2009 meeting, the ARRL Board of Directors established the George
Hart Distinguished Service Award to be given to an ARRL member whose service
to the League's Field Organization is of the most exemplary nature. The
Distinguished Service Award is named in honor of George Hart, W1NJM. Hart
was a long-time Communications Manager at ARRL Headquarters and chief
developer of the National Traffic System (NTS). Upon learning that the ARRL
Board of Directors had established this award named after him, Hart called
his namesake award "a great honor."
Selection criteria include:
Operating record with the National Traffic System; or
Participation within the Amateur Radio Emergency Service© (ARES©); or
Station appointments and/or leadership positions held within the ARRL Field
Organization.
Nominations for the George Hart Distinguished Service Award shall be
accepted from anyone and shall be submitted to the Membership and Volunteer
Programs Manager at ARRL Headquarters by November 1. Nominations should
document as thoroughly as possible the nominee's lifetime activities and
achievements within the ARRL Field Organization. It is expected that
nominated candidates will have 15 or more years of distinguished service.
The Programs and Services Committee will serve as the Review Committee, with
the Board of Directors making the final determination at its Annual Meeting
in January. Recipients will be given an engraved plaque and cover letter,
and will be profiled in QST.
Nominations for the George Hart Distinguished Service Award, including any
related supporting material and letters of recommendation, may be e-mailed
to ARRL Headquarters to the attention of ARRL Membership and Volunteer
Programs Manager Dave Patton, NN1N, or to ARRL Field and Public Service Team
Supervisor Steve Ewald, WV1X. Nominations and supporting materials must be
received no later than November 1, 2010 to be considered.
ARES 75th Anniversary Updates
-----------------------------
ARES© is celebrating its 75th anniversary from September through December
2010. ARRL's ARES program has provided emergency communications for agencies
such as the American Red Cross, Salvation Army, countless Emergency
Operations Centers and others in the worst of times. In events from ice
storms to Hurricane Katrina, when normal communications systems were down or
overloaded, the Amateur Radio operators of the ARES programs responded to
requests for communications aid.
Over the years the equipment has changed, but the decentralized
communications nets that ARES can create to blanket regions without the need
for other infrastructure remain critical in emergency planning. Recognition
of this capability has led to renewed formal agreements with DHS, FEMA, NOAA
and other federal agencies. With over 20,000 of the country's 680,000+
Amateur Radio operators involved in ARES--all of them truly "amateur" and
providing their time, services, knowledge and equipment totally
uncompensated--they are more than worthy of recognition for their 75 years
of community services in the worst of times.
You can find more information about ARES at:
http://www.arrl.org/public-service
Information about the anniversary is at: http://www.arrl.org/ares-anniversary
Click here for more information on celebration plans and resources. -- Allen
Pitts, W1AGP, ARRL Public Relations Manager
Illinois Nuclear Power Plant Exercise: Lessons Learned
------------------------------------------------------
On July 28, 2010, at the request of the LaSalle County (Illinois) EMA
Director, hams provided backup communications between the County Emergency
Operations Center (EOC) and the township EOCs within the emergency planning
zone during the Biennial FEMA-Graded Exercise at the LaSalle County Nuclear
Station. Served agencies included the LaSalle County EOC at Ottawa, Township
EOCs at Marseilles and Seneca, and the Illinois Valley Chapter of the
American Red Cross at Peru. Amateur groups providing the support included
the Starved Rock Radio Club, LaSalle County Amateur Radio Emergency
Services, and LaSalle County Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service.
The exercise is conducted every two years. Nuclear Accident Reporting System
(NARS) messages were handled using 2 meter voice: the LaSalle County EOC
conducted roll call, and transmitted the NARS messages.
An observer from the Department of Homeland Security complimented the hams
for "impressive communication skills." The observer noted how we enforced
accurate message handling. The mentoring of newer hams was also recognized
by the DHS observer as a "Strength."
Lessons Learned
1. Continued practice of sending NARS messages via voice is needed.
2. Once communications is established, backup simplex and other repeater
communications should be tested and verified for lowest output power needed
for reliable communications.
3. The EOC needs to identify all stations calling and determine if they may
be from another served agency.
4. Better antennas are needed for some locations.
5. Operators need to bring go-bags with radios with battery and power supply
(as backup).
6. Power Pole connectors are needed at all sites for standardization and
efficiency.
7. The EOC needs to issue each net station a tactical call. -- Joe Tokarz,
KB9EZZ, EC/OES, La Salle County, Illinois
Letters
-------
Personal Disaster Planning
In re the Ralph Phillips, KE5HDF, letter in the last issue, Phillips stated
he has chosen to store less water because he has a swimming pool and stocked
up on cheese cloth and pool shock instead.
Unless Ralph is on very high ground, this idea may be problematic. In the
event of even a moderate flood his pool water could be contaminated with raw
sewage, gasoline, oil and lord knows what else. And cheese cloth may be good
for getting the lumps out of paint, but I would not exactly consider it a
drinking water filter.
I am also uncomfortable with his intended use of pool shock. Where there are
well-established formulas for safely using chlorine bleach to disinfect
water, my Google search for a safe formula using pool shock was less than
fruitful. And depending on the brand, various brands of pool shock also
contain other chemicals that may do a human much more harm than good, even
at low percentages per gallon.
I admire Ralph's thinking out of the box, but I strongly suggest he take the
pool shock he intends to use and get a qualified medical opinion on its use
for this purpose. And if it can be safely used, the correct high and low
amounts per gallon to be used for the various levels of contamination faced.
I would also suggest that Ralph increase his water storage just in case he
finds the pool shock mix may need to stand for longer than anticipated, or
finds the water may also require boiling. And as the saying goes: "A watched
pot never boils, especially when your family is thirsty." -- Jeff Sabatini,
KI6BCX, Redlands, California
South Texas EmComm Competition
I read with interest in the last issue about the South Texas group planning
for an emcomm field competition in the last issue. They may want to add the
following test to the competition: "Send and receive 5 properly formatted
ARRL NTS Radiograms using correct voice procedure and phonetics." All of the
radios in the world are useless unless a message can get through. It's this
last skill that I've found most lacking in most SET's and other drills. Not
knowing this skill results in message throughput about one fifth the rate of
an NTS net where ops use the skill daily. -- Gary Wilson, K2GW, ARRL
Sotuhern New Jersey SEC, ASM
History of Amateur Radio EmComms
Starting with the issue of October 1925, QST was full of news and commentary
about the Army-Amateur Radio System, about which the journal's editor wrote
in the December 1925 issue, "It seems to us that this affiliation is about
the most important thing that ever happened to amateur radio in this
country." Or as the original story in the October 1925 QST expressed it
(page 23), "If we can put this over it will be the biggest thing ARRL has
ever done."
There's even "new news" from that era. At Dayton this year two members of
that "[truly] original Amateur Radio emergency response organization" were
recognized by posthumous induction into the CQ Hall of Fame. Ralph Hollis,
4FC, and Forrest Dana, 4AGR, transmitted the calls that brought Red Cross
and Army aid to South Florida in the Okeechobee hurricane of 1928, which
killed 2,000 persons. Their heroism, fully recounted in QST at the time,
should be included in any commemoration of the beginnings of amateur emcomm.
The story would make great reading for the E-Letter. -- Bill Sexton, N1IN,
Region 1 (New England) Deputy Director of Army MARS, Pittsfield, Massachusetts
MS-150: Memphis, Tennessee
The Delta Amateur Radio Club of Memphis, Tennessee, is again supporting our
area's MS-150 tour as we do every year. This year's event will be run on
September 11-12. This year, my XYL and I will be operating net control from
our remote audio truck, which does double duty as a mobile communications
post. This is a regular audio control room in a 19 ft cargo box,
acoustically tuned inside. We've built a cover for the mixing console,
giving us a two tiered operating bench 7 ft wide, with an upper tier for
radio equipment, the lower for writing implements, computer keyboards or
laptops.
I have a mast assembly that mounts to the frame for the HVAC unit, which is
positioned above the cab of the truck. With this mast made of heavy PVC, I
can get a dual band antenna at a height of around 25 ft, in a one man
operation. On this mast assembly is a pulley and rope assembly allowing me
to raise HF wire antennas to position quickly as well. This means that
within 20 minutes of arrival I can be operating on VHF/UHF. Within a half
hour of arrival, we can have a couple of stations operating off of deep
cycle batteries, completely with digital modes. See: www.gatasound.com -
Dick Webb, NF5B, NTS Central Area Net Manager, Eads, Tennessee
Training Aids Available
The Hernando County, Florida, ARES group has released two presentations: The
first is on writing messages for and sending messages via the National
Traffic System (NTS), which is available in Power Point or PDF format from
http://kc4mts.no-ip.org/Hernando/files.html (look under ARES and ARRL
files). The presentation contains information on a radiogram, explaining
what it is and how to fill out each section of the form. Included are
examples for normal and "booked" traffic and a narrative has been used to
show a typical session of sending messages by phone and Morse code.
References for handouts are listed at the end of the slides.
The second presentation is on using Digipan software for communicating using
PSK31 and it is available from the same Hernando County ARES Web site. This
tutorial covers connection of the radio and computer, configuring the
software, and getting on the air. Also included is a narrative of a typical
conversation when operating in this digital mode. -- Alan McGrew, KC4MTS,
EC, Hernando County, Florida
Emergency Management
Thought this might be of interest: California to Deploy Nation's First Mass
Mobile Alert System from Government Technology -- Thanks, Les Rayburn, N1LF,
Alabama
Alabama State Be Ready Day
Alex Davies, W4AVD, Glenn Raines, KA4SZQ and I spent from 9 AM to 2 PM on
September 1 presenting Amateur Radio to several hundred Birmingham area
school children at Linn Park, Birmingham, Alabama. We were set up next to
the Birmingham National Weather Service tent. This provided a unique
opportunity to present a live demonstration of how hams can serve their
community and then send people directly to the NWS to inquire about
training. It was a very successful day all around! -- Hub Harvey, N4HUB,
Jefferson County, Alabama, Emergency Coordinator
2010 ARRL Simulated Emergency Test Guidelines and Links to Reporting Forms
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
SET planners can download copies of the 2010 SET reporting forms and the EC
Annual Report form and read the Simulated Emergency Test (SET) guidelines on
the ARRL Web Page: http://www.arrl.org/public-service-field-services-forms
Look for these specific titles on the above-mentioned Web page.
Form A: EC Simulated Emergency Test Report
Form B: NM Simulated Emergency Test Report
Form C: EC Annual Report
Simulated Emergency Test Guidelines: October 2-3
The ARRL Simulated Emergency Test is a nationwide exercise in emergency
communications, conducted by ARRL Section, District and local Emergency
Coordinators, and by Net Managers. Both ARES © and the National Traffic
System (NTS) are involved. The SET weekend gives communicators the
opportunity to focus on the emergency-communications capability within your
community while interacting with NTS nets. The main SET weekend to focus on
this year is October 2-3, 2010.
During September, the ARRL will be among dozens of organizations and
agencies taking part in National Preparedness Month. "The Ready Campaign,"
produced by the Ad Council in partnership with the US Department of Homeland
Security (DHS), is aimed at making citizen preparedness "a priority for
every city, every neighborhood and every home" in the US. The ARRL
encourages you to consider this year's Simulated Emergency Test and
preparations for it as a demonstration of Amateur Radio's readiness and as
an active participant in National Preparedness Month.
Purpose of SET
1. To find out the strengths and weaknesses of ARES and NTS, the Radio
Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES) and other groups in providing
emergency communications.
2. To provide a public demonstration--to served agencies such as Red Cross,
Civil Preparedness, and through the news media--of the value to the public
that Amateur Radio provides, particularly in time of need.
3. To help radio amateurs gain experience in communications using standard
procedures and a variety of modes under simulated-emergency conditions.
The ARRL Web Page is a resource available to you as you prepare for the
upcoming test. Check the ARRL Field Organization Page on the ARRL Web Site,
http://www.arrl.org/public-service-field-services-forms, for electronic
versions of the SET reporting forms, traffic handling information, and
several other items related to public service and emergency communications.
Please e-mail your SET summaries to ARRL Headquarters via sewald@arrl.org or
wv1x@arr.org. (If you mail them to ARRL via the postal service, the address
is: ARRL Headquarters, 225 Main Street, Newington, CT 06111-1494.
Summary
One of the first steps on the way to a successful SET is to try to get as
many people as possible involved and especially new hams. In a real
emergency, we find amateurs with all sorts of varied interests coming out of
the woodwork. Let's get them involved in SET so they will know more about
how emergency communications should be handled. Promote SET on nets and
repeaters, and sign up new, enthusiastic radio amateurs. Many of those
offering to help will be inexperienced in public-service activities. It's up
to you to explain what's going on to them, and provide them with useful
roles. They may like it so much that they become a permanent fixture in your
ARES or NTS group. For a review of last year's nationwide Simulated
Emergency Test, read the article in July, 2010, QST, or see the SET
announcement in September QST.
EmComm East, September 18: Plan to Attend Now!
----------------------------------------------
The third annual EmComm East emergency communications conference is an
ARRL-sanctioned Amateur Radio event where operators can attend training
sessions on technical topics, learn from served agencies, obtain VE testing
for license upgrades, and interact with other operators from all over the
country. It will be held on September 18, 2010, at St. John Fisher College,
Rochester, New York, from 8 AM to 5 PM.
The featured speaker this year will be Steve Ewald, WV1X, supervisor of the
ARRL Field Organization Team at ARRL Headquarters. Ewald is the lead staff
liaison to ARRL Section Managers and ARRL Field Organization appointees. He
edits the Public Service column in QST and helps support the ARRL efforts in
emergency and public service communications.
Register on-line at the event Web site EmComm East. A $30 registration fee
provides for continental breakfast and lunch.
Communications Academy Lite - Seattle, Washington, October 2: Focus on New
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hams
----
A communications training program, the Communications Academy, will focus on
the needs of newly licensed hams, as well as those new to CERT, SAR, and
other disciplines involving the use of radios. The program will be an
expanded version of the popular "Beginner's Track" offered at the Spring
Communications Academy. It will provide information on how to select a
radio, how to talk on the radio, operating on nets, and other topics of
interest to new communicators. Registration is open now. The session will be
held at the South Seattle Community College, Olympic Hall--Room 120, in
Seattle, Washington. Click here for more information.
The Spring Communications Academy will be held April 16-17 at the South
Seattle Community College. -- Marina Zuetell, N7LSL, ARES District M
Assistant Section Emergency Coordinator, Western Washington Medical Services
Communications
K1CE For a Final
----------------
In just this issue alone, we have reviewed two major climatic situations:
The Pakistan floods, and Hurricane Earl. The International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) is the UN specialized agency for telecommunications, and
conducts international radio regulation, including frequency allocations for
the globe. I read with interest a 2008 official statement by its
Secretary-General Dr Hamadoun I. Tour‚, HB9EHT, on the subject of climate
change, which resonates even more today. The issue has serious implications
for us as radio amateurs in the field of emergency communications and
service to our local emergency managers and EOCs. Here are some excerpts
from his statement:
Climate change is another profound challenge that is at work, transforming
the face of the world. Whatever the underlying cause, at current rates of
extinction, scientists predict that two-thirds of all bird, mammal,
butterfly, and plant species will be extinct by the end of this century. Not
only the species, but the very survival of the world we live in and the
planet itself, is now in jeopardy. Climate change is a global challenge that
the world simply cannot afford to lose -- not just for our sake, but for the
sake of our children.
In the global effort to combat climate change, ITU is continuing to help
developing countries to mitigate the effects of climate change, including
the use of emergency telecommunications and alerting systems for disaster
relief. ITU, in collaboration with its membership, is identifying the
necessary radio-frequency spectrum for climate monitoring and disaster
prediction, detection and relief, including a promising cooperation with the
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in the field of remote-sensing
applications.
You can read the full statement here.
See also the FEMA National Situation Update: Monday, July 19, 2010,
reporting on "June, April-June, and Year-To-Date Global Temperatures are
Warmest on Record."
There is no value to be added by anything I can say, except it seems to me
that it would be worth your time to discuss the obvious and well-documented
implications with your local served agency representatives. Also, please
evaluate your own resume of emergency communication training program
certifications so that you can make the greatest possible personal
contribution to what it is sure to be a more demanding emergency and
disaster management environment in the very near future. If 9/11 kicked off
the current ratcheting up of emergency management in this country, climate
change and its implications are certain to keep it going. Here in tiny
Flagler County, Florida, for example, we have a large emergency management
commitment, with a staff and EOC that has just now consolidated and revamped
its volunteer-support functions for more efficiency and effectiveness in a
budget-strapping economy. See news of this effort here. Flagler County
emergency management requires volunteers to hold certifications in IS-100,
IS-200, IS-700 and IS-800 courses from FEMA. See below.
Here are a few courses to consider:
Introduction to Incident Command System
ICS for Single Resources and Initial Action Incidents
National Incident Management System (NIMS) An Introduction
National Response Framework, An Introduction
Emergency Support Functions (ESF) #2 - Communications
The above courses are available free of charge from the FEMA Independent
Study Web site, conducted by its Emergency Management Institute. These are
just a few of the many courses that apply to Amateur Radio emergency
communications. Take as many as you can!
Here are a few additional courses to take:
Introduction of Disaster Services, American Red Cross
Intro to Emergency Communications - Level 1/Basic, ARRL
Public Service and Emergency Communications Management for Radio Amateurs,
ARRL
_____
I'm going to close this issue with an ominous little note I received from
the communications staff at the Florida State Emergency Operations Center
this week: "Assume you all are watching the tropics with the storms coming
off Africa. Africa is producing a storm or two every two days. We have not
had a hit so far but it can be expected this year. We are also approaching
the time that the storms generate in the Gulf and Caribbean, which means
less time to prepare. Please encourage all operators to prepare with
antennas, batteries, GPS, etc. There are two storms just off Africa that
have bad scenarios for Florida, so be ready!"
See you next month! 73, Rick K1CE
________________________________________
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