| |
CX2SA > ARES 19.10.08 19:04l 565 Lines 28580 Bytes #999 (0) @ WW
BID : ARES-171008
Read: GUEST
Subj: ARES E-Letter - Oct. 17, 2008
Path: IZ3LSV<IQ3GO<IR2UBX<IW0GPS<CX2SA
Sent: 081019/1800Z @:CX2SA.LAV.URY.SA #:41916 [Minas] FBB7.00e $:ARES-171008
From: CX2SA@CX2SA.LAV.URY.SA
To : ARES@WW
ARES E-Letter for October 17, 2008
The ARES E-Letter
October 15, 2008
=================
Rick Palm, K1CE, Editor
<http://www.qrz.com/database?callsign=K1CE>,
===================================
ARES reports, other related contributions, editorial questions or
comments: <k1ce@arrl.net>;;;
===================================
+ The View from Flagler County
Although we are in an apparent lull in tropical severe weather
activity, we have endured some ripping thunderstorms here lately.
Florida is Number One in the nation for victims of lightning strikes.
Thus, our local SKYWARN program, with Robbie Creal, KG4HUF, at the
helm, has been very active recently. (Creal is also Assistant
Emergency Coordinator for our Flagler County ARES group, and
Assistant District Emergency Coordinator for the East Central
District in Northern Florida). Our SKYWARN program and its training
protocol have been well-supported by the Flagler EOC. Check out the
item in this issue on SKYWARN Recognition Day, to be held on December
6. You do not want to miss it!
____
If you haven't looked at the independent study programs of FEMA's
Emergency Management Institute lately, do yourself a favor and click
on:
<http://training.fema.gov/IS/> Many new courses have been added, and
a few of the classic original courses have been revised. Some of the
newer courses that struck me as significant for ARES members include:
IS-102 Deployment Basics for FEMA Response Partners (New 9/9/2008)
IS-802 Emergency Support Functions (ESF) #2 - Communications (New
8/6/2008)
IS-775 EOC Management and Operations (New 8/6/2008)
IS-100.a Introduction to Incident Command System (Revised 7/28/2008)
IS-200.a ICS for Single Resources and Initial Action Incidents
(Revised 7/28/2008)
IS-809 Emergency Support Function (ESF) #9 - Search and Rescue
(5/21/2008)
IS-808 Emergency Support Function (ESF) #8 - Public Health and
Medical Services (4/11/2008)
IS-800.B National Response Framework, An Introduction (2/4/2008)
FEMA's Independent Study Program offers courses that support the nine
mission areas identified by the National Preparedness Goal: Incident
Management, Operational Planning, Disaster Logistics, Emergency
Communications, Service to Disaster Victims, Continuity Programs,
Public Disaster Communications, Integrated Preparedness, and Hazard
Mitigation.
Education in all of these should be ARES training goals. Here is what
Dennis Dura, K2DCD, ARRL Emergency Preparedness and Response Manager,
recently told the nation's Section Managers in re the ESF#2
Communications course: "Many of you may already be aware of this
course (IS-802), or have taken it. It is a relatively new FEMA
on-line independent study course that presents the concepts of
Emergency Support Function #2-Communications. For those that have
heard my presentations around the country, I strongly encourage
integrating ARES in the local, county, regional or state government
emergency operations plans, of which ESF #2 is a part. This presents
us a variety of mission options, not beholding to any one specific
group, and we become more aligned with the emergency management
structure. The course will take approximately 30 minutes to
complete."
_______
In This Issue:
+ The View from Flagler County
+ Cedar Rapids Flood Response
+ Harrison County, Indiana ARES Activates For Historic Windstorm
+ ARES OK at 2008 Oklahoma Emergency Management Association
Conference
+ SKYWARN Recognition Day Celebrates Ten Years!
+ Hospital Standards for EmComms Include Amateur Radio
+ LETTERS: RE: Coaxial Antenna for EmComm
+ LETTERS: Clear Audio for HDTV/EmComms?
+ LETTERS: Resource "Typing"
+ International Humanitarian Award Nominations Sought
+ K1CE For A Final
_______
+ Cedar Rapids Flood Response
During the week of June 10, 2008, Cedar Rapids and the small town of
Palo, Iowa suffered the results of a 500-year flood of the Cedar
River. The previous record of 20.00 feet was set in 1851 and 1929.
The flood peaked out at 31.12 feet on June 13, far over existing
levees. 24,000 people had to be evacuated, including the central
downtown business district. Linn County ARES responded.
River Monitoring and Road Closures: One of the first duties was to
set up monitoring stations up river. The closest official river gauge
was about 30 miles away, and had to be read manually. ARES ops set up
two monitoring points between Cedar Rapids and Vinton. One was
limited by terrain to only measuring if the river was rising or
falling. The monitoring station closer to Cedar Rapids was a tree
marked with tape. This allowed true measurements to be made, though a
second tree had to be established when the flooding exceeded the
marking on the original tree. The two trees were cleverly correlated
by using a laser level. Reports were radioed to the EOC every
half-hour early in the flood, then every hour.
At the same time, other ARES stations were monitoring roads as they
began to be covered with water. At the peak of the flood, all
downtown bridges were under water. The bridge crossings in the county
typically had flooding of the bridge approaches. The only dry bridge
from one side of the county to the other was the elevated I-380
bridge.
Hospital Backup: We recently completed antenna upgrades at our two
local hospitals. Amateurs set up VHF stations at both hospitals in
case of need. One of the hospitals was eventually evacuated, with
patients sent to other area hospitals.
Cedar Rapids Police Department: The CRPD also requested Amateur Radio
as backup. They had to evacuate their downtown offices and set up at
the Ice Arena. The CRPD building also held the controller for the
city's 800 MHz trunked communication system for Police, Fire, and
many city services. The system operated in fail-safe mode for several
days until full control was restored.
Evacuation Shelters: During the early stages of the flooding, a Red
Cross evacuation shelter was set up at the Roosevelt Middle school.
This shelter was quickly closed, as it was determined that raising
estimates of river levels would possibly impact the availability of
power in the Roosevelt area. Two new shelters were opened at Viola
Gibson Elementary School and Prairie High School. Amateurs provided
technical and operations support to the week-long, 24 hour efforts at
these shelters.
At the Prairie High School evacuation center, Amateur Radio was there
for backup communications. Amateur Radio was used occasionally for
logistical support of shelter operations. In the Viola Gibson
Elementary School Evacuation Center, there were approximately 200
evacuees for the entire week during which our radio desk was active.
We passed traffic, especially since landlines were inoperable at the
school and cell phone coverage from within the building was
intermittent or unavailable through several providers. When the
flooding impacted the downtown school district offices, all Internet
capability in the district, including telephones, were lost. We also
provided communications support for the Viola Elementary School
Administrative Staff and the school Principal who were helping to
coordinate logistic support for evacuees on site as well as relief
efforts in the Palo area.
Our communications desk was well equipped, staffed and maintained. We
had dual-band UHF/VHF and independently fed antennas installed both
inside and outside the building and were able to quickly shift over
to the indoor antennas when inclement weather struck during the week.
We provided simultaneous operation of two independent portable VHF
stations (one for simplex use and one for general net use) as well as
a UHF unit, which was used to coordinate local ham support efforts
for the Viola Gibson site. A rechargeable battery back-up power
supply was on site for the duration of the Net, but it did not have
to be put into use.
During the busier day/early evening period, we usually had at least
two people working the desk on a scheduled basis. The Viola Gibson
site also assumed Net Control duties for several days during the
week-long support efforts. These operators staffed the radio desk,
provided hardware/technical support, and/or assisted in station
set-up and maintenance using both scheduled and ad hoc approaches.
HF Backup: The HF link to the Iowa EOC in Des Moines was a backup for
normal communications in case telephone service was lost at the Linn
County EOC. The only traffic passed was related to the operation of
the HF link between Cedar Rapids and Des Moines. The Des Moines EOC
(KC0EEC) and Linn County HF stations performed a radio check about
every 30 minutes to maintain the 3990.5 kHz frequency. The Linn
County HF stations, in turn, maintained local contact with the Linn
County EOC via VHF repeater.
Severe Weather: Throughout the flooding, we had severe storms to deal
with. Our county normally runs a severe weather spotter network. The
spotter information is then sent to the National Weather Service via
the Emergency Management EOC. During storm watch, our primary
repeater supported it. Communications backup for the shelters was
moved to one of the secondary repeaters. Over the period of the major
flooding June 10 to June 15, we had four Severe Thunderstorm Watches,
one Tornado Watch, and seven Severe Thunderstorm Warnings affecting
Linn County. The main threat was high winds and large hail, which
posed a particular threat to police, fire, public service employees,
and people trying to evacuate.
Summary: Amateur Radio became involved with river level monitoring on
June 9. Amateur Radio net(s) were formally activated June 12. The net
ran continuously until June 18. The total time that we had a formal
net active was 147 hours. Our logs show that at least 86 Amateur
Radio stations participated at some point. A special thanks to our
net controls: N0GUD, WA6GFD, K0ECW, W0MRZ, WA0KHH, NA0IA, N0UUS and
KC0UMS. -- Ron Breitwisch, KC0OX, DEC, Iowa District 6 West
<kc0ox@arrl.net>;
+ Harrison County, Indiana ARES Activates For Historic Windstorm
Harrison County, Indiana ARES activated on Sunday, September 14,
following the historic windstorm that swept across Indiana and other
states. The hardest hit area was southern Indiana. The SKYWARN net
was emergently transferred to an ARES net.
The storm's incredible high winds closed roads, snapped and uprooted
many large trees, snapped or knocked down power poles, downed power
and telephone lines, knocked trees onto houses, tore off roofs,
destroyed barns and some homes, knocked out telephone services and
cell phones, and caused fatalities. Power would be out in some areas
for more than a week. Most had no power, no phone service, and there
were water shortages.
ARES was placed under a declared State of Emergency, with the
communication emergency. The EMA director requested storm damage
reports. Harrison County ARES was activated, and handled Emergency,
Priority, Routine, and Welfare traffic. Reports of downed power
lines, trees on houses, trees blocking roads were passed, and ARES
assisted with relief efforts. ARES made calls to police dispatch on
behalf of EMA personnel. The entire ARES operation was held on
emergency power, including the event repeater.
Major Lesson Learned: Have a way to operate for days (not just hours)
on emergency power!
The ARES Emergency Net ran for 34 hours of airtime (parts of 4 days),
with 31 check-ins, 268.1 man-hours, and one formal message. -- David
McKim, KB9JLF, EC South Central Indiana SKYWARN and Net Manager,
Harrison County, Indiana
+ ARES OK at 2008 Oklahoma Emergency Management Association
Conference
Amateur Radio Emergency Service Oklahoma (ARES-OK) members
participated in the 2008 Oklahoma Emergency Management Association
conference. The conference was held during the second week of
October, at the Reed Convention Center in Midwest City, Oklahoma.
Many of the emergency managers present were interested in using
Amateur Radio as part of their backup communications systems. The EMs
were also interested in knowing what training ARES volunteers were
given, and in this post 9/11 world, what types of ID systems and
background checks were in place to verify ARES volunteers. They were
provided with the state plan for ARES-Oklahoma, along with general
ARES information.
A working 20 meter HF station running on battery power consisting of
a Kenwood TS-430, a Buddipole portable antenna, and a 27Ah AGM
battery in a small tool bag was demonstrated. A VHF/UHF station in a
backpack using a Kenwood TS-8800 and 7Ah gel cell battery was also
set-up. Both radios and the antenna attracted much attention and
started interesting conversations with Emergency Management personnel
from all over Oklahoma and surrounding states.
Of note was the high percentage of emergency managers and staff that
were either hams, or were working on getting their license. A special
thank you to J.C. Nocker, K5JCN, Mike Delaney, WB5HXT, and Oscar
Staudt, WB5GCX, for manning the booth for ARES-OK. -- Mark Conklin
N7XYO, Mounds, Oklahoma
+ SKYWARN Recognition Day Celebrates Ten Years!
The 10th annual SKYWARN Recognition Day (SRD) special event will take
place Saturday, December 6, 2008. SRD is co-sponsored by the National
Weather Service and the ARRL. SKYWARN Recognition Day is a way to
recognize the commitment made by Amateur Radio operators in helping
keep their communities safe. During the 24-hour special event,
Amateur Radio operators visit their local National Weather Service
(NWS) office and work as a team to contact other hams across the
world.
The original SRD concept took shape in the summer of 1999. Scott
Mentzer, N0QE, Meteorologist-In-Charge of the NWS office in Goodland,
Kansas was trying to think of a way to let storm spotters know how
valuable their reports were to the National Weather Service. Since
many of those storm spotters were also hams, it seemed like a natural
fit for the recognition to be centered on Amateur Radio. Mentzer
worked with Rick Palm, K1CE, of ARRL Headquarters, to formulate a
plan.
With the approval of NWS headquarters and a commitment to participate
from many local NWS offices, the first "National Weather Service
Special Event" took place on November 27, 1999. At the end of the
event, an amazing 15,888 QSOs were logged, with contacts made to all
50 states and 63 countries. The Des Moines forecast office took the
honor of making the most contacts of any office that first year with
761 QSOs (and went on to lead the pack through 2003 by logging
between 1300 and 1500 contacts each year).
Feedback from the first event was overwhelmingly positive from both
the NWS staff and the local ham clubs. Suddenly there was incentive
for more NWS staffers to either obtain a license or upgrade so that
more people could work ham radio during severe events. In addition,
many club members had never visited an NWS office, and they learned
the value of their reports and how they were used in conjunction with
existing technology.
And so began an annual tradition. The following year 85 of the 122
NWS offices participated in the event, making nearly 24,000 QSOs.
Perhaps the most unusual one in 2000 was with an airliner 39,000 ft
above Utah. The pilot ended the QSO with a request for a "spot
weather forecast" for his arrival at Salt Lake City airport.
In 2001, the name of the event was changed to SKYWARN Recognition
Day, which seemed to better relate what the day was all about. Each
year since the inception of SRD, the number of NWS offices and local
ham clubs participating has increased, until now over 100 offices
sign up each year to take part. The most contacts made during any SRD
occurred in 2006 when, thanks to the staff and local hams in the
Grand Junction area, 1640 QSOs were logged!
Station call signs have also changed over the years. Some offices and
clubs apply for a special event call sign such as W3B in Brownsville
or N0Y in Aberdeen, South Dakota. Other call signs hint at office
location, including WX9GRB in Green Bay and WX4NHC at the National
Hurricane Center. Still others represent more of the big picture, as
in KC0SKY in Pleasant Hill, Missouri.
Another change in recent years has been a greater use of digital
communications in addition to CW, RTTY and packet radio. Each year
more and more contacts are being made using Echolink, Winlink and the
use of Reflectors.
2008 SKYWARN Recognition Day will be held from 0000 UTC to 2400 UTC
December 6th. Last year contacts were made in all 50 states and 40
countries during the 24 hour event. If you haven't joined in the fun,
2008 is your year! To learn more, check out our Web site:
<http://hamradio.noaa.gov/>. -- David Floyd, N5DBZ, Warning
Coordination Meteorologist, NWS Goodland, Kansas,
<david.l.floyd@noaa.gov>;
+ Hospital Standards for EmComms Include Amateur Radio
For readers who are working with, or are contemplating a working
relationship with the hospitals in your Section, hospital
planning/standards documents by their accreditation organization will
be of some value. All hospitals must be certified by The Joint
Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). The
documents may be downloaded directly from
<http://www.jointcommission.org/Standards/SII/sii_hap.htm>
For example, see JCAHO Standard EM.02.02.01: "The [organization]
maintains reliable communications capabilities for the purpose of
communicating response efforts to staff, [patient]s, and external
organizations. The [organization] establishes backup communications
processes and technologies (for example, cell
phones, landlines, bulletin boards, fax machines, satellite phones,
Amateur Radio, text messages) to communicate essential information if
primary communications systems fail." -- Dennis C. Dura, K2DCD,
Manager, Emergency Preparedness and Response, ARRL
+ LETTERS: RE: Coaxial Antenna for EmComm
In re last month's item on a coaxial antenna by Jay Musikar, AF2C,
another means of supporting a coaxial antenna is to slip it inside a
piece of PVC piping. A closed "eye hook" can be screwed into the
inside of a PVC pipe cap and the top end of the coaxial dipole
attached to it. The pipe cap is then slipped over the end of the PVC
pipe. The remaining coax comes out the bottom of the PVC pipe. This
provides the means to vertically support the coaxial dipole when
there is nothing to hang it from. (There are many other methods of
attaching the dipole inside the PVC).
For VHF and UHF coaxial dipoles, I strip off the outer insulation a
little longer than the desired operating or center frequency and turn
the braided shielding inside out or back over itself (like turning a
sock inside out), creating a braided covering of the outer jacket the
same length as the exposed center conductor. The center conductor can
then be trimmed to the proper length, allowing for a small loop at
the top for hanging. The shield is trimmed to the same length and
taped at the end to hold it in place on the outer jacket of the coax.
While in the military I made coaxial dipoles for 30-80 MHz (the
military low band) and 138-174 MHz many times and sealed them inside
PVC pipes. The pipe cap sealed the top end and I used silicone
sealant at the bottom end for waterproofing. These often worked
better than the standard military field antennas. One antenna I
installed on a security tower at a nuclear storage site as a
temporary fixture was actually in use four years later. Each time the
comm professionals came out to check the system, they found the
antenna looking and working so well they thought it was commercially
manufactured! -- Tim Hardy, AF1G, Kathleen, Georgia
+ LETTERS: Clear Audio for HDTV/EmComms?
I've been trying to track down whether there will be an "in the
clear" audio carrier available after the switchover from analog TV
next February. It doesn't look like it since encoded audio is the
standard <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdtv>. Not being able to
listen to the TV stations will have an impact on emcomm teams, since
local broadcasts are a prime source of information. For example, all
of our VHF/UHF handhelds are programmed with the FM audio carrier
frequencies for the major local TV stations. I suggest that we
publish a reminder to the teams that they should add some portable
HDTV-compatible receivers to their kits. -- Ward Silver, N0AX, Asst
EC for Vashon-Maury Island ARES, Washington
In Wilmington, North Carolina, our market went 100% digital on
September 8 as the FCC's national beta test site for the
analog-to-digital conversion. Channel 6, WECT-TV, had its audio
channel at 87.7 MHz FM, and until this past spring promoted its
capability to be heard on FM radio. WECT's general manager and news
director each told me that the FCC said all FM audio was being
eliminated as well as the analog video signal.
Now that I live in a 100% digital market, I concur that a portable
battery powered DTV (not necessarily HDTV) with open air reception
capability be made part of an emcomm plan. With the national cutover
coming in four months, I predict there will be a much wider selection
of portable, battery powered DTVs by the spring or summer of 2009.
National retailers like Radio Shack, Circuit City, Best Buy and
Wal-Mart were all in attendance at FCC digital-to-analog meetings in
Wilmington this past spring to discuss the availability of portable,
battery powered DTVs, and they predicted an increase in supply and a
drop in price as more models become available. As for portable
battery-powered HDTV, that may be a stretch for the first phase of
introduction. All of the talk here focused on standard resolution DTV
in Phase 1 for portable equipment. Since Wilmington is along the
coast, I'm not sure we're ready for a hurricane in HDTV. -- Bill
Morine, N2COP, Wilmington, North Carolina, ARRL North Carolina Pubic
Information Coordinator (PIC); Chairman, ARRL National Public
Relations Committee
+ LETTERS: Resource "Typing"
A year ago I sent you information on Resource Typing we use in the
North Central Texas area, which you commented on in one of your
issues. After that letter went out, I received numerous inquiries and
requests for information.
A number of groups have put our guide to use. As you remember, the
Guide used the term "Type" followed by a letter designating that
particular function. We have revised the guide to be more in line
with NIMS resource typing definitions. In the NIMS documentation the
term "Type" refers to the level of capability with a Type I being
more capable than a Type II and so on of a function or resource.
The term "Communications Resource Function" and referred to as CRF
has replaced the term "Type." The definition of each function has not
changed from the previous version, just the titling change. In
addition D-Star has been included. Definitions of Event/Incident
durations have also been added. I have also created a check sheet to
help communicators in determining their Function based on their
equipment.
I invite readers to page through our Web site at
<http://www.garlandraces.net/> and let us know what you think. We are
a dual hat unit that promotes both RACES and ARES through our
training. Feedback and comments always welcome. -- John Galvin,
N5TIM, RACES RO and ARES AEC <http://www.qsl.net/n5tim> and
<http://www.garlandraces.net/>
+ International Humanitarian Award Nominations Sought
Nominations are open for the 2008 ARRL International Humanitarian
Award <http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/awards/humanitarian.html>.
The award is conferred upon an amateur or amateurs who demonstrate
devotion to human welfare, peace and international understanding
through Amateur Radio. The League established the annual prize to
recognize Amateur Radio operators who have used ham radio to provide
extraordinary service to others in times of crisis or disaster. A
committee appointed by the League's President recommends the award
recipient(s) to the ARRL Board, which makes the final decision. The
committee is now accepting nominations from Amateur Radio,
governmental or other organizations that have benefited from
extraordinary service rendered by an Amateur Radio operator or group.
Amateur Radio is one of the few telecommunication services that allow
people throughout the world from all walks of life to meet and talk
with each other, thereby spreading goodwill across political
boundaries. The ARRL International Humanitarian Award recognizes
Amateur Radio's unique role in international communication and the
assistance amateurs regularly provide to people in need.
Nominations should include a summary of the nominee's actions that
qualify the individual (or individuals) for this award, plus
verifying statements from at least two people having first-hand
knowledge of the events warranting the nomination. These statements
may be from an official of a group (for example, the American Red
Cross, The Salvation Army or a local or state emergency management
official) that benefited from the nominee's particular Amateur Radio
contribution.
Nominations should include the names and addresses of all references.
All nominations and supporting materials for the 2008 ARRL
International Humanitarian Award must be submitted in writing in
English to ARRL International Humanitarian Award, 225 Main St,
Newington, CT 06111 USA. Nomination submissions are due by December
31, 2008. In the event that no nominations are received, the
committee itself may determine a recipient or decide to make no
award. The winner of the ARRL International Humanitarian Award
receives an engraved plaque and a profile in QST and other ARRL
venues.
+ K1CE For A Final
We trust you had (or are going to have) a good SET this year. Here's
a fine note I received this week from the Director of the
Southeastern Division that rings true for the entire country: "I am
happy to see the participation and dedication in the 2008 ARRL
Simulated Emergency Test exercise throughout the Southeastern
Division! The ARRL Simulated Emergency Test is another way Amateur
Radio operators show our dedication to public service via emergency
communications. Many amateurs operated from served agencies offices
including State and local Emergency Operation Centers, showing off
our capabilities to served agency personnel.
"Operating in the served agency centers helps to build trust and
relationships with our counterparts. We learn and improve, test our
equipment and procedures, show our professional side and have some
fun.
"ARRL Section Emergency Coordinators, District Emergency Coordinators
and Emergency Coordinators did a fantastic job planning and
coordinating this exercise! Thank you for supporting this exercise!"
-- 73, Greg Sarratt, W4OZK, Director, ARRL Southeastern Division
See you next month! 73, Rick, K1CE
Copyright American Radio Relay League, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
======================================================================
The ARES E-LETTER is published on the third Wednesday of each month by
the American Radio Relay League--The National Association For Amateur
Radio--225 Main St, Newington, CT 06111; tel 860-594-0200; fax
860-594-0259; www.arrl.org. Joel Harrison, W5ZN, President.
The ARES E-LETTER is an e-mail digest of news and information of
interest to active members of the ARRL Amateur Radio Emergency Service
(ARES).
Material from The ARES E-LETTER may be republished or reproduced in
whole or in part in any form without additional permission. Credit must
be given to The ARES E-LETTER and The American Radio Relay League.
Editorial questions or comments: Rick Palm, K1CE, k1ce@arrl.net
Delivery problems (ARRL direct delivery only!): ares-el-dlvy@arrl.org
To subscribe, unsubscribe or change your address for e-mail delivery:
ARRL members first must register on the Members Only Web Site,
http://www.arrl.org/members/. You'll have an opportunity during
registration to sign up for e-mail delivery of the The ARES E-Letter,
W1AW bulletins, and other material. ARRL members may subscribe to The
ARES E-Letter by going to the Member Data Page at:
http://www.arrl.org/members-only/memdata.html?modify=1
Note that you must be logged in to the site to access this page. Scroll
down to the section "Which of the following would you like to receive
automatically via email from ARRL?" Check the box for "ARES E-Letter
(monthly public service and emergency communications news)" and you're
all set.
Past issues of The ARES E-Letter are available at
http://www.arrl.org/ares-el/. Issues are posted to this page after
publication.
======================================================================
Read previous mail | Read next mail
| |
