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N0KFQ > TODAY 17.11.12 16:31l 51 Lines 2219 Bytes #999 (0) @ WW
BID : 31438_KB0WSA
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Subj: Today in History - Nov 17
Path: IZ3LSV<F1OYP<VE2PKT<ZL2BAU<KQ0I<N0KFQ<KB0WSA
Sent: 121117/1518Z 31438@KB0WSA.MO.USA.NA BPQK1.4.53
...
Nov 17, 1558:
Elizabethan Age begins
Queen Mary I, the monarch of England and Ireland since 1553, dies
and is succeeded by her 25-year-old half-sister, Elizabeth.
The two half-sisters, both daughters of King Henry VIII, had a
stormy relationship during Mary's five-year reign. Mary, who was
brought up as a Catholic, enacted pro-Catholic legislation and
made efforts to restore the pope to supremacy in England. A
Protestant rebellion ensued, and Queen Mary imprisoned Elizabeth,
a Protestant, in the Tower of London on suspicion of complicity.
After Mary's death, Elizabeth survived several Catholic plots
against her; though her ascension was greeted with approval by
most of England's lords, who were largely Protestant and hoped
for greater religious tolerance under a Protestant queen. Under
the early guidance of Secretary of State Sir William Cecil,
Elizabeth repealed Mary's pro-Catholic legislation, established a
permanent Protestant Church of England, and encouraged the
Calvinist reformers in Scotland.
In foreign affairs, Elizabeth practiced a policy of strengthening
England's Protestant allies and dividing her foes. Elizabeth was
opposed by the pope, who refused to recognize her legitimacy, and
by Spain, a Catholic nation that was at the height of its power.
In 1588, English-Spanish rivalry led to an abortive Spanish
invasion of England in which the Spanish Armada, the greatest
naval force in the world at the time, was destroyed by storms and
a determined English navy.
With increasing English domination at sea, Elizabeth encouraged
voyages of discovery, such as Sir Francis Drake's
circumnavigation of the world and Sir Walter Raleigh's
expeditions to the North American coast.
The long reign of Elizabeth, who became known as the "Virgin
Queen" for her reluctance to endanger her authority through
marriage, coincided with the flowering of the English
Renaissance, associated with such renowned authors as William
Shakespeare. By her death in 1603, England had become a major
world power in every respect, and Queen Elizabeth I passed into
history as one of England's greatest monarchs.
73, K.O. n0kfq
N0KFQ @ KB0WSA.MO.USA.NA
E-mail: kohiggs@gmail.com
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